Word Formation
Word Formation
Suffix :- A letter or syllable added to the end of a word is called a suffix.
e.g. ness, ion, less, ful, ly, tion, ance, ment, ity, able. ty, ing etc.
Some words added with suffixes:
1) Nouns:
i) tired + ness = tiredness
ii) loyal + ty= loyalty
iii) manage+ment = management
iv) neighbour+hood = neighbourhood.
(2) Adjectives:
i) truth + ful = truthful
ii) glory + ous glorious
iii) gold + en golden
iv) need + y = needy.
3) Adverbs:
i) slow + ly = slowly
ii) peaceful + ly-peacefully.
iii) simple = simply
iv) full + ly = fully.
Word - building : शब्दांची रचना /बांधणी म्हणजे Structure of a word. नामे, विशेषणे, क्रियापदे आणि क्रियाविशेषण अव्यये कशी तयार केली जातात त्याचे नियम आणि Stucture यांचा या प्रकरणामध्ये आपण सराव करणार आहोत.
[1] Noun : वस्तू, व्यक्ती, प्राणी यांच्या नावाला नाम (Noun) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. enjoyment, collection, wood, bravery, deed etc.
• Formation of nouns :
(1) Some nouns can be formed from adjectives by adding the proper suffixes
e.g.
(i) usefulness = usefulness
(ii) depress+ ion = depression.
(iii) cruel + ty = cruelty
(iv) colonialism = colonialism.
(2) Some nouns can be formed from verbs by adding the proper suffixes.
e.g.
(i) management = management
(ii) prohibit + ion = prohibition
(iii) perform + ance = performance
(iv) nestle + ing = nestling.
(3) Some nouns can be formed from nouns by adding the proper suffixes.
e.g.
(i) progress + ion = progression
(ii) brother + hood =brotherhood.
(iii) college + ian = collegian
(iv) blow + er blower
(v) attend + ance = attendance
(vi) collier + y = colliery
[A] from verbs:
Verb Noun
accommodate accommodation
add addition
admire admiration
administrate administration
advertise advertisement
advise advice
amazement amazement
announce announcement
appear appearance
apply application
arrive arrival
ascend ascendancy
assign assignment
assure assurer
attend attendance
attract attraction
awak awakening
begin beginning
believe believer
bless blessing
blow blower
boast boaster
board boarder
celebrate celebration
close closure
complain complaint
collect collection
construct construction
contain content
continue continuity
contribute contribution
converse converse
create creation
cross-examine cross-examination
decide decision
deliver delivery
determine determination
develop development
devide devision
devote devotee
disappear disappearance
discuss discussion
do deed
endure endurance
dust dust
embarrass embarrassment
educate education
envy envy
enjoy enjoyment
enquire enquiry
enter entrance/ entry
evaporate evaporation
except exception
evaluate evaluation
excite excitement
explain explanation
expanse expansion
exist existence
examine examination
fail failure
feed food
fly flight
forget forgetfulness
forgive forgiveness
found foundation
give giver
glorify glory
grieve grief
grow growth
hate hatred
hesitate hesitation
honour honour
image imagination
influence influence
inform information
inspire inspiration
interweave interview
isolate isolation
know knowledge
live life/liveliness
lose loss
learn learning
leave leaven
manage management
move movement
memorize memory
nationalise nation
obey obedience
perform performance
practise practice
praise praise
prefer preferance
preserve preservation
prevent prevention
product production
prosper prosperity
propose proposal
protect protection
purity purity
pursue pursuit
qualify qualification
receive receipt
refuse refusal
remove removal
respond response
satisfy satisfaction
see sight
select selection
sell sale
settle settlement
solve solution
succeed success
tell tale
win winner
[B] From adjectives:
airy air
angry anger
anxious anxiety
artistic art
beautiful beauty
brave bravery
central center
climatic climate
cloudy cloud
comfortable comfort
courageous courage
cruel cruelty
deep depth
difficult difficulty
dusty dust
eastern east
emotional emotion
experimental experiment
famous fame
fateful fate
favorable avour
feathery feather
free freedom
fruitful fruit
funny fun
glorious glory
golden gold
hearty heart
high height
historic history
hungry hunger
ideal idea
impressive impression
jealous jealousy
jesting jester
jolly jollity
journalistic journalist
joyful joy
keen keenness
kind kindness
laboured labour
lame lameness
loyal loyalty
mathematical mathematics
mighty might
missionary mission
misty mist
moral morality
nature natural
noble nobility
northern north
obedient obedience
objective object
observant observation
occasional occasion
original origin
painful pain
patient patience
philosophical philosophy
poetic poet
powerful power
proportional proportion
rainy rain
real reality
religious religion
remarkable remark
rhythmic rhythm
safe safety
scientific science
seedy seed
sleepy sleep
speedy speed
solitary solitude
southern south
sunny sun
thirsty thirst
truthful truth
true truth
victorious victory
western west
windy wind
wise wisdom
wonderful wonder
wooden wood
yearly year
zonal zone
zestful zest
[2] Adjective: नामाबद्दल विशेष माहिती सांगणाऱ्या शब्दास विशेषण (Adjective)
असे म्हणतात.
e.g. beautiful, high, kind, safe, wise etc.
Formation of adjectives:
(1) Some adjectives can be formed from nouns by adding the proper suffixes.
e.g.
(i) power + ful = powerful
(ii) gold + en = golden
(iii) glory+ous = glorious
(iv) missionary = missionary
(2) Some adjectives can be formed from verbs by adding the proper suffixes.
e.g.
(i) need + less = needless
(ii) need+y= needy
(iii) negate+ive negative
(iv) neglect + ful neglectful.
(3) Some adjectives can be formed from nouns by dropping the proper suffixes
e.g.
(i) usefulness-ness = useful
(ii) difficulty -y difficult
(iii) bravery - ry = brave
(iv) cruelty - ty = cruel
(4) Some adjectives can be formed from verbs by dropping the suffix'--en':
e.g.
(i) quieten- en = quiet
(ii) sadden- en = sad
(5) Some adjectives can be formed from verbs by dropping the prefixes.
e.g.
(i) belittle-be---- =little
(ii) befool-be----=fool
(iii) enlarge - en----=large
(iv) enrich - en--- = rich.
(6) Adjectives can be formed from adverb by dropping the suffix'--ly'
e.g.
(i) slowly-ly = slow
(ii) really-ly =real
(iii) carefully-ly = careful
(iv) beautifully-ly= beautiful
[1] From verbs :
verb Adjective
attend attentive
attend attendant
beautify beautiful
befool fool
belittle little
concentrate concentrative
continue continuous
dust dusty
enlarge large
enrich rich
heighten high
honor honorable
impoverish poor
influence influential
lengthen long
live lively
lower low
manage manageable
nationalize national
praise praiseworthy
quieten quiet
redden red
sadden sad
straighten straight
suspect suspicious
[2] From Noun
Noun Adjective
ability able
air airy
anger angry
anxiety anxious
art artistic
beauty beautiful
bravery brave
center central
climate climatic
cloud cloudy
comfort comfortable
courage courageous
cruelty cruel
depth deep
difficulty difficult
dust dusty
east eastern
emotion emotional
experiment experimental
fame famous
fate fateful
Favour favorable
feather feathery
freedom free
fruit fruitful
fun funny
glory glorious
gold golden
heart hearty
height high
history historic
hunger hungry
idea ideal
impression impressive
jealousy jealous
jester jesting
jollity jolly
journalist journalistic
joy joyful
keenness keen
kindness kind
Laboure labored
lameness lame
loyalty loyal
mathematics mathematical
might mighty
mission missionary
mist misty
morality moral
nature natural
nobility noble
north northern
obedience obedient
object objective
observation observant
occasion occasional
origin original
pain painful
patience patient
philosophy philosophical
poet poetic
power powerful
proportion proportional
rain rainy
realism real
religion religious
remark remarkable
rhythm rhythmic
safety safe
science scientific
seed seedy
sleep sleepy
speed speedy
solitude solitary
south southern
sun sunny
thirst thirsty
truth truthful
victory victorious
west westerns
wind windy
wisdom wise
wonder wonderful
wood wooden
year yearly
zest zestful
zone zonal
From adverbs:
Adverb Adjective
abrupt abruptly
accidental accidentally
accurate accurately
actually actual
adjustable adjustably
boldly bold
bravely brave
centrally central
clearly. clear
cleverly clever
comfortably comfortable
deeply deep
differently different
dramatically dramatical
eagerly eager
angrily angry
annually annual
anonymously anonymous
anxiously anxious
bitterly bitter
easily easy
embarrassingly embarrassing
enviably enviable
equally equal
excitedly excited
extravagantly extravagant
fairly fair
final finally
forbiddingly forbidding
forgetfully forgetful
frequently frequent
freely free
gloriously glorious
greatly great
greedily greedy
happily happy
heavily heavy
historically historic
immediately immediate
impressively impressive
innocently innocent
incompatibly incompatible
intolerantly intolerant
kindly Kind
lazily lazy
literally literal
logically logical
lustfully lustful
majestically majestical
mathematically mathematical
merrily merry
neatly neat
nervously nervous
obediently obedient
obsessively obsessive
officially official
originally original
painfully painful
patiently patient
philosophically philosophical
popularly popular
powerfully powerful
protectively protective
proudly proud
quickly quick
[3] Verb: वाक्याचा अर्थ पूर्ण करणाऱ्या क्रियावाचक शब्दाला क्रियापद (Verb) असे म्हणतात.
e.g. attend, live, enlarge, befool, continue, lengthen etc.
Formation of verbs:
(1) Some verbs can be formed from nouns by dropping proper suffixes.
e.g.
(i) advertisement _ment'=advertise
(ii) admiration - tion' =admire
(iii) collection- ion' = collect
(iv) forgiveness-ness' =forgive
(2) Some verbs can be formed from adjectives by dropping the proper suffixes.
e.g.
(i) needless --less' = need
(iii) negative -'_ive' = negate
(ii) needy -'y' = need
(iv) neglectuf '_ful' =neglect
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